What structures make up the urinary system? Be able to label a diagram of the kidney.

What are the primary functions of the kidney?

What is the difference between a renal column and a renal pyramid?

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

What two structures make up the renal corpuscle?

What is typically in the glomerular filtrate? Is it the same as plasma?

What is a "nitrogenous waste?" What is the main nitrogenous produced in humans?

Compare glomerular filtration with filtration which occurs in general capillaries.

How much filtrate is formed per day? What percentage is reabsorbed?

Where in the nephron does greatest reabsorption of glucose occur?

How does the kidney help to regulate blood pH?

What is the normal pH of urine? How does diet influence urine pH?

What determines net glomerular filtration rate?

How would the following affect net glomerular filtration rate: increase or decrease in blood pressure, increased or decreased plasma osmolarity, increased or decreased sympathetic activity, increased or decreased capsular pressure.

What are the regions of the nephron? What is the role of each region in creating urine? If you are given a sketch of a nephron, be able to label its regions and identify which regions are permeable or impermeable to water and sodium.

What is the countercurrent mechanism?

What is the range of urine osmolarity which can be created by human kidney?

Desert species produce very concentrated urine. How?

You’re on a life raft in the middle of the ocean without fresh water. Can you survive drinking seawater? Why or why not?

What substances are commonly reabsorbed? secreted?

Why doesn't glucose normally appear in the urine?

Why doesn't protein normally appear in the urine?

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Where is it located? What does it do?

What are the roles of aldosterone, renin, atrial natriuretic factor, and antidiuretic hormone in the regulation of urine volume and composition?

What is urochrome?

Define "diuretic".

Why does diabetes mellitus result in increased urination?

Women are more prone to bladder infections than men. Why?

Outline the micturition reflex.

Bob buys the 2 liter supermegagulp soda at the Mann 58 Theater and drinks it all during the 20 minutes of "coming attractions" before watching the three hour epic "Titanic." Outline what is happening in his urinary system during the movie.

What is "incontinence?"

What is the detrusor muscle?