Anatomy  and Physiology, Exam 4           

December 11, 2001   150 pts

Use Scantron for Questions 1 - 45

Multiple Choice: (1 pt each) 

1) ____ The muscle that closes the eye is the: A) buccinator. B) frontalis. C) orbicularis oculi. D) orbicularis oris. E) winki dinki.

2) _____ The rotator cuff muscles originate on the ____ and insert on the _____.A) ilium, femur.  B) femur, ilium. C) scapula, humerus. D) humerus, scapula.  E) none of the above.

3) _____ Which muscle is the primary elevator of the mandible?  A) digastric. B) masseter. C) mandibularis major. D) platysma. E) zygomaticus major.

4) _____ The muscle most associated with smiling is the: A) frontalis. B) buccinator. C) zygomaticus. D) masseter. E) levator labii.

5)_____ Muscles of mastication are innervated by the ____ nerve.  A) facial B) accessory.  C) trigeminal.  D) chewbakka. E) sciatic.

6) _____  The vastus lateralis is part of the A) hamstring group. B) quadriceps group.  C) leg flexor group.  D) A & C.  E) B & C.

7)_____ The pectoralis major and minor:  A) have the same origin. B) have the same insertion. C) insert on different bones. D) are both abductors.  E) are new degree options in the ESSM curriculum.

8)_____  The biceps femoris is part of the:  A) hamstring group.  B) quadriceps group.  C) leg flexor group. D) A & C.  E) B & C.

9)_____ The nerve that innervates the zygomaticus major is the:  A) cephalic.B) cranial.  C) facial.  D) trigeminal.  E) zygomaticus

10) _____ Contraction of the buccinator muscle results in:  A) closing the mouth.  B) moving the eyebrows laterally.  C) compressing the cheeks. D) bucciflexion. E) elevating the lips.

11)_____ The frontalis and occipitalis are parts of which muscle? A) corrugator B) epicranius.  C) aponeurosis.  D) vitalis.  E) levator scalpulae.

12) ____ The muscle which protrudes the tongue is the: A) hyoglossus.  B) styloglossus.  C) genioglossus.  D) sternoglossus. E) frenchkissoglossus.

13) _____ Which of the following is a small rectangular muscle that to retract the scapula?  A) levator scapulae.  B) rhomboideus major.   C) serratus anterior. D) trapezius.  E) teres minor.

14) _____ Damage to the femoral nerve would inhibit:  A) thigh extension. B) leg extension. C) medial rotation of the thigh.  D) inversion of the foot.

15) _____ Shrugging the shoulders and extending the head are actions of the:   A) trapezius. B) levator scapulae.  C) rhomboids.  E) sternocleidomastoid.

16) ______ The "boxer's muscle" is the:  A) boxinator.  B) trapezius.  C) deltoid. D) rhomboideus. E) serratus anterior.

17) ______ The prime mover of shoulder abduction is the:  A) pectoralis major. B) latissimus dorsi. C) deltoid.  D) all of the above. E) A & B only.

18) ______ Which muscle abducts the femur?  A) gluteus medius. B) iliacus. C) biceps femoris. D) sartorius.  E) gracilis.

19)______ The I band of a sarcomere:  A) represents thin filaments. B) represents thick filaments.C) shortens during contraction.  D) A & C.  E) B & C.

20) ______ Flexion of the knee and plantar flexion are actions of the:  A) soleus.  B) gastrocnemius. C) tibialis anterior.D) peroneus longus.  E) B & C.

21) _____ Wrinkling the forehead and raising the eyebrows is produced by the A) frontalis.  B) temporalis.  C)  pterygoideus.  D) splenius. E) A & B.

22) _____ This muscle inserts on the olecranon process.  A) biceps brachii. B) brachialis.  C) triceps brachii.  D) deltoid.  E) teres minor.

23) _____ The coracoid process of the scapula is an origin for the:  A) pectoralis major.  B) pectoralis minor. C) biceps brachii. D) brachailis.  E) triceps.

24) ____ The musculocutaneous nerve innervates:  A) triceps brachii. B) biceps brachii.  C) brachialis. D) deltoid. E)  B & C.

25) ______ The linea alba separates the two: A) rectus abdominis muscles. B) heads  of biceps brachii.  C) heads of biceps femoris.  D) frontalis and occipitalis.

26) ______ The ____ is a synergist ("the little helper) of the latissimus dorsi. A) biceps brachii. B) trapezius.  C) rhomboideus.  D) brachialis.  E) teres major.

27) ______ Besides being a flexor, the biceps brachii is a: A) pronator. B) supinator.  C) inverter.  D) adductor. E) none of the above.

28) _____ The muscle that tightens the skin of the front of the neck is the: A) zygomaticus.  B) sternocleidomastoid.  C) splenius.  D) platysma. 

29) _____ Tendinous intersections are found in the:  A) external oblique.B) rectus abdominis.  C) serratus anterior.  D) A & B.  E) B & C.

30) ______ The rectus abdominis is best described as a/an ____ muscle: A) fusiform. B) bipennate. C) strap or parallel. D) unipennate. E)circular.

31) ______ The velocity of a nerve impulse conduction is greatest in: A) myelinated, large diameter neurons. B) myelinated small diameter neurons. C) unmyelinated large diameter neurons. D) unmyelinated small diameter neurons.

32) ______ In a resting neuron, sodium ions: A) are more concentrated inside. B) are more concentrated outside. C) tend to leak into of the cell. D) A & C.

33) _____ A contraction in which a muscle does not shorten in length is called:  A) isometric.  B) isotonic.  C) tonic.  D) tetany.  E) spasm.

34) ____ Z-lines are found:  A) in the middle of a sarcomere.  B) attached to myosin.C) in the middle of the I band.  D) within T-tubules. E) in the middle of Z road.

35)_____ The primary fuel source for exercising muscle is:  A) fatty acids.  B) amino acids.   C) glucose D) lactic acid.  E) ethanol (the more, the merrier!).

36) _____ The "storage form" of ATP in skeletal muscle is:  A) adenosine diphosphate. B) calmodulin phosphate.  C) creatine phosphate.  D) tropomyosin.

37)______ Most of a skeletal muscle fiber is occupied by:  A) sarcoplasmic reticulum. B) myofibers.  C) myofibrils. D) fascicles.  E) nuclei.

38) ______ An endomysium surrounds a single:  A) muscle.  B) fascicle. C) muscle cell. D) myofibril.  E) myofilament.

39) ______ A perimysium surrounds a single:  A) muscle.  B) fascicle. C) muscle cell. D) myofibril.  E) myofilament.

40) ______ If a skeletal muscle fiber is stretched to 140% of its resting length (defined as 100%), it can only develop 60%

Matching: Match the neuroglial cells with their function.

41) _____ Specialized cells that form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system.	A) ependymal  cells
42) _____ Support neurons; link neurons to capillaries	B) astrocytes
43) _____ line cavities in the brain and spinal cord	C) microglia
44) ______ Scavenger/Immune cell of CNS	D) Schwann cells
45) ______ Specialized cells that form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system.	E) oligodendrocytes

Fill In:  1-2 points each  

The muscle attachment to the bone of lesser movement is the ______________.

The sartorius is the ___________________ muscle of the body is also called the "_________________ muscle."

An aponeurosis is a/an ________________________________________

The function of a retinaculum is to ________________________________.

Muscles that originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus tend to

_________________ the _______________ and fingers.

Shin splits are typically due to damage to the ______________ ____________ (muscle)

Based on fascicle orientation (architecture), the deltoid is  ________________,

the biceps brachii is  ________________ and the orbicularis oris is _____________

The semitendinosus is one of 3 ____________________ muscles.  Its actions are

to ________________ the thigh and ________________ the leg. It originates on the

_____________  _____________ and inserts on the ______________ side of the

______________________. It is innervated by the _______________ nerve.

Curare, used by some Amazonian Indians, causes spastic/flaccid (circle one)

paralysis.  It acts by binding to ______________________ ____________________.

On what basis were the following muscles named? (6 pts total)

trapezius:    ________________________

external obliques:  __________________ & _________________________.

biceps femoris: ________________________ & _____________________

sternocleidomastoid __________________________________

What are the fates of glucose in aerobic and anaerobic conditions in muscle?  (6 pts)

How are cardiac and skeletal muscles similar?  How are they different?  (6 pts)

Mary is a sprinter who has decided to train for a marathon.  Describe the specific structural and physiological changes in her leg muscles would one expect to find if she did train for such a long distance event?  (6 pts)

On the sketch of the action potential below, indicate the name of each landmark or phase.  For "3", "4" and "5", indicate what mechanism or event is responsible for each. (10 pts)

Extra Credits:

What is Moebius Syndrome?

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is due to the lack of the protein _______________.

The most famous reindeer of all is: A) Comet.  B) Blitzen.  C) Luther D) Rudolf.

Chanukah is the "festival of _____ " A) lights.  B) cameras.  C) actions.  D) mitzvahs.

Outline the series of events involved in excitation-contraction coupling and the sliding-filament theory.  (20 points)

1) An action potential arrives at the end of a motor neuron.

2)  The depolarization of the nerve terminal opens channels for _________ ions that now enter the nerve terminal.

3) The exocytosis of vesicles containing the neurotransmitter ____________________ is stimulated.

4) The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to

_____________________ on the muscle cell membrane.

5) The neurotransmitter molecules open _______________________ that allow

______________ ions to enter and _____________ ions to leave.  This generates the endplate potential. 

After binding, the neurotransmitter is broken down by the enzyme ___________________________________.

6) The endplate potential stimulates the generation of an action potential that travels

along the muscle cell membrane and enters the interior of the cell via the _____________________________ . 

7) The excitation stimulates the release of calcium ions from their storage sites

in the _____________ __________________. 

8) Calcium ions bind to the protein ______________________, which is bound to the

protein _________________________

9) The protein complex (in 8 above) shifts, exposing the active or binding sites on

actin -- they now are available for binding to the myosin heads.  The myosin head is

an enzyme called ____________ ______________ that uses the energy of __________

to power the cycling or strokes of the myosin head.

10) As the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments, the ____-lines get closer together and the _________ band shrinks. 

The ______ band stays the same since it represents the thick filaments.

11) To stop a contraction, the calcium ions are pumped back into the

______________ __________________.  This allows the ____________________ to once again block the active sites on actin.

On the diagrams below, sketch and identify the following muscles.  Be sure to be accurate with the origins and insertions!.  (3 pts each)

Trapezius, rectus abdominis, biceps brachii, sartorius, vastus lateralis, adductor longus, gastronemius, sternocleidomastoid, latissimus dorsi, rhomboideus major, teres major, semimembranosus.