Anatomy and Physiology                                     

Exam 2, March 14, 2002

Multiple Choice: 1 pt each.  Use Scantron for Questions 1-25

1) _______ Farsightedness is known clinically at: A) astigmatism. B) presbyopia 

C) myopia  D) hyperopia  E) Ethiopia.

2)______ The fovea centralis contains  A) both rods and cones  B) cones only  C) rods only

D) the central artery and central vein. E) the optic disc.

3)______ Nearsightedness is known clinically as:  A) hyperopia.  B) myopia.

            C) emmetropia.  D) astigmatism.  E) "the optometrist's vacation fund."

4) _____ Presbyopia is due to:  A) an abnormal corneal curvature.  B) an eyeball that is too long. 
C) an eyeball that is too short.  D) a loss of elasticity of the lens.
 E) Presbyterians straining their eyes trying to read the Confessions. 

5) _______ New olfactory receptors are produced: A) only in embryos. B) by basal cells.
C) by supporting cells. D) by papillae. E) by olfactory glands.

6)_______ The middle layer or tunic of the eye is the:  A) choroid.  B) retina  C) sclera

            D) cornea.  E) iris.

7) _______ A structure that converts one form of energy into another form of energy is known as a(n):
A) transducer.  B) receptor. C) adaptor.  D) corpuscle. E) translator.

8) _______ The axons of retinal ganglion cells:  A) form the optic nerve.
B) are the most numerous cells in the retina.C) leave the eyeball at the fovea.  D) A & B.

9) _______ Macular degeneration is characterized by: A) sensory deafness.  B) a loss of night vision.
C) motion sickness. D) loss of day and color vision.

10)_______ Pacinian corpuscles are receptors for: A) light touch.  B) temperature.

C) pressure.  D) pain. 

11) ______ Meissner's corpuscles are receptors for:    A) light touch.  B) temperature.

C) pressure.  D) pain. 

12) ______ Damage to this would produce conduction deafness.  A) cochlea.

            B) stapes.  C) vestibulocochlear nerve  D) organ of Corti.  E) A & D.

13) _____ Filiform and fungiform refer to types of:  A) tongue papillae. B) photoreceptors.

 C) taste receptors. D) mechnoreceptors.  E) Maidenform bras.

14) _____ The saccule and utricle:  A) are two of the semicircular canals.  B) house the receptors for static equilibrium. 
C) are parts of the cochlea.  D) are chambers of the eye.  E) none of the above.

15) _____ The crista ampullaris is found:  A) in the saccule.  B) at base of semicircular canals. 
C) in the cochlear duct.  D) in the olfactory epithelium.  E) none of the above.

16) _______  Glutamate is sensed by which taste receptor?:  A) sweet. B) bitter. C) umami

            D) salty. E) yo' mama.

17) ______ In a detached retina, the retina separates from the:   A) sclera.  B) ciliary body

            C) pigmented layer (epithelium).  D) vitreous.  E) optic nerve.

18) _______ The range of human hearing in cycles per second is:  A) 1 - 1000. B) 5 - 5,000. 

C) 20 - 20,000.  D) 50 - 50,000.  E) 100 - 100,000.

19) _______ Which is NOT a part of the middle ear:  A) malleus. B) cochlea.  C) incus.

D) stapes.  E) tympanic membrane.

20) ______ Hot and cold receptors in the skin are: A) Meissner's corpuscles. 

B) Pacinian corpuscles, C) Merkel's discs  D) free nerve endings.

21) _______ The structure that is responsible for the "blind spot" is the: A) choroid

            B) macula.  C) tapetum lucidum.  D) optic disc.  E) optic chiasma.

 

Matching  1 pt each.  Continue Using Scantron!
22) _____ Degeneration of rods of the retina    
A) Cataract. 
23) _____Degeneration of cones of the retina    
B) macular degeneration
24) _____Due to increased ocular pressure  
C) glaucoma

25) _____Called "pink eye" in children
D) retinitis pigmentosa
 
E) conjunctivitis

 

Fill In: 1-2 pts each.  Note: some questions have pairs of words in bold type,
circle or underline the appropriate answer.

Stimulating a hair cell in the direction of the kinocilium causes

depolarization/hyperpolarization because the ________________ channels are

mechanically opened  and __________________ enters to the cell.

The outer segment of a photoreceptor is responsible for ______________________

When 11-cis retinal absorbs a photon it becomes _____________________________. 11-cis

retinal is derived from vitamin _________.  Opsin is activated and it now stimulates

______________________, which activates phosphodiesterase (PDE), which now coverts

cGMP to ___________________. Photoreceptors depolarize / hyperpolarize in response

to light because the level of cGMP, which binds to Na+ channels, is increased/decreased.

To accommodate for near vision, the ________________ muscles contract / relax,

which tightens / loosens the ____________________ ________________,

and the lens becomes rounder / flatter.

The ____________________ is the layer between the sclera and the retina.

Otoliths (otoconia) are associated with our sense of _______________ _________________.

Taste receptor cells are found in spherical clusters called ______________ _______________.

Rods are used for _____________________________ vision, but cones are used for

_______________________________ vision.  The 3 cone types in the human retina

are __________________- _________________- and __________________ - sensitive.

The function of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles is to _______________

__________________________________.

Olfactory receptors are unique because they are ____________________ that are

___________________________ on a regular basis.

_____________ pain is when pain from the viscera is perceived as coming from an area of the skin or muscles.  Angina pectoris from a heart attack is an example.

Our sense of taste and our sense of smell are both based on ______________-receptors. 

A(n) _____________________________ is a measure of the relative intensity of sound.

Define proprioception and name a proprioceptor  (3 pts)

 

What is our sense of dynamic equilibrium?  What structures mediate (serves) this sense? (4 pts)

What make the "special senses" special?  (2 pts)

As we age, our ability to accommodate (close focus) lessens. Why?  (4 pts)

The Pacinian corpuscle is a "phasic receptor."  Explain.  (4 pts)

Cancer patients, who are undergoing chemotherapy to stop the growth of cancer cells, often complain that,
along with losing their hair, they seem to loose some of their sense of taste and smell. 
What would explain the loss of these senses and not other senses?  (2 pts)

What is "tunnel vision" due to? (3 pts)

(Diagram of Middle and Inner Ear)

 

 

C (region) is the ____________ _____________      D is the _______________________

S is the ______________________________          T is the ________________________

I is the _________________ membrane                   M is the _________________ membrane

Q is the ________________ nerve.  It projects first to the ______________________ and then

to the auditory cortex that is part of the ________________ _______________ of the brain.

The fluid in P and N is _________________ and the fluid in O is ______________________.  

The functions of R, S and T are to ________________ and  ___________________ vibrations

from F (the _________________ _________________ ) to the oval window

What is the function of H?

There are disturbances at two sites along the cochlea shown here (W and X).  What are the differences between these two sites?