Anatomy and Physiology
Exam 2, March 21, 2003

Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer (1 pt each) Use Scantron for Pages 1 – 3!

1) ______ The fovea centralis contains A) rods and cones B) cones only C) rods only D) the central artery and central vein E) the optic disc.

2) _______ New olfactory receptors are produced: A) only in embryos. B) by basal cells. C) by supporting cells. D) by papillae. E) by olfactory glands.

3) ______ The "mobile receptor mechanism" is the hormonal mechanism associated with: A) steroid hormones. B) protein hormones. C) prostaglandins. D) releasing hormones.

4) _______ The structure that allows the equalization of air pressure between the outer and middle ear cavities is the: A) external auditory canal. B) round window C) auditory or Eustachian tube.
D) scala tympani. E) board of equalization.

5) _______ The choroid is part of the: A) supporting layer of the eye. B) vascular layer of the eye.
C) retina. D) lens. E) optic nerve.

6) _______ An increase in prolactin production would result in: A) increased growth
B) more urine being produced. C) increased sodium retention. D) increased milk production in females. E) elevated blood lactose.

7) _______ A increase in aldosterone production would result in: A) increased growth
B) less sodium retention. C) increased sodium retention. D) increase milk production in females.
E) none of the above.

8) _______ A "slow metabolism" is generally associated with: A) diabetes.
B) acromegaly. C) hypothyroidism. D) Addison’s Disease. E) eating at the caf’

9) _______ Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the: A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary. C) parathyroid gland. D) hypothalamus.

10)_______ Pacinian corpuscles are receptors for: A) light touch. B) temperature.
C) deep pressure. D) odors. E) umami.

11) _______ Pain and temperature receptors of the skin are: A) Meissner’s corpuscles. B) Pacinian corpuscles. C) free nerve endings. D) basal cells. E) hair cells.

12) _______ Growth hormone stimulates cartilage and bone growth: A) by directly stimulating cell growth.
B) by stimulating fat synthesis. C) by stimulating the production of somatomedin or IGF-1 by the liver. D) by indirectly stimulating hypothalamus to produce somatostatin.

13) _______ Melatonin is produced by the: A) anterior pituitary. B) posterior
pituitary. C) adrenal cortex. D) pineal gland. E) thyroid gland.

14) ______ Otoliths are found in: A) ampulla at the base of semicircular canals. B) the middle ear cavity.
C) utricle and saccule of the vestibule, D) the outer ear. E) organ of Corti.

15) _______ A crista ampullaris is associated with: A) a semicircular canal. B) the ossicles. C) the organ of Corti. D) the piano of Yanni. E) the utricle and saccule.

16) _______ A kinocilium would be found in the: A) oval window. B) hair cells of the cochlea.
C) middle ear cavity. D) auditory tube. E) none of the above.

17) _______ Grave’s disease is a type of: A) hyperthyroidism. B) hyperglycemia.
C) hyperparathyroidism. D) hypothyroidism. E) hypogonadism.

18) ______ Exophthalmos is a symptom of Grave’s disease. It is the: A) excessive bulging of the eyes.
B) loss of the ability to accommodate for near vision. C) loss of the pupil reflex.
D) same as the “evil eye” in Italy. E) Abby Normal fear of ophthalmologists.

19) ______ The normal range of human hearing is: A) 10 - 1000 Hz. B) 20-1000 Hz.
C) 20 - 20,000 Hz. D) 30 - 30,000 Hz. E) 40 - 40,000 Hz

20) ______ It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. What is the A) pituitary?.
B) adrenal gland? C) pancreas? D) all of the above. E) I’ll take Movie Trivia for $200, Alex.

21) _____ Home pregnancy tests detect the presence of: A) estrogen. B) human chorionic gonadotropin.
C) progesterone. D) follicle stimulating hormone. E) foolish choices during Spring Break.

22) ______ Cushing’s disease is typically due to: A) too little FSH. B) too much
growth hormone. C) too little ADH. D) too much ACTH. E) too much EFGH.

23) ______ Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are: A) filled with perilymph.
B) associated with dynamic equilibrium. C) associated with static equilibrium.
D) found in the middle ear. E) generally served over pasta with a nice glass of Chianti.

24) ______ Goiter is due to an abnormal growth of the ____ and is generally due to a/an ____ deficiency.
A) adrenal gland/ACTH. B) thyroid/vitamin D. C) thyroid/iodine. D) parathyroid/calcium.
E) pancreas/glucose.

25) ______ The measure of the relative intensity of sound is the. A) hertz (Hz).
B) tympani (tp) C) decibel (db). D) cycle per second (cps). E) A & D.

26) ______ Cretinism is due to a deficiency in __ during ______. A) growth hormone/infancy.B) thyroxine/infancy. C) TSH/adulthood. D) cortisol/infancy. E) oxytocin/adulthood.

27) ______ Stress has its greatest effect on the: A) gonads. B) pituitary.
C) adrenal glands. D) thyroid. E) pancreas.

28) _____ Acromegaly is due to ________ secretion of _____ during adulthood.
A) over/growth hormone. B) under/growth hormone. C) over/calcitonin.
D) over/thyroxine. E) under/cortisol.

29) ______ The function of FSH in males is: A) unknown. B) to stimulate sperm production.
C) to increase testosterone production. D) inhibit the effects of estrogen. E) get them to get in touch with their feelings.

30) _____ Pygmies are "naturally short” because they have: A) less growth hormone. B) less thyroxine. C) less somatomedin (IGF-1) production. D) less testosterone. E) fewer T.V.s

31) _______ Glutamate is sensed by which taste receptor?: A) sweet. B) bitter. C) sour. D) umami
E) whose-u-daddi.

32) _______ The axons of retinal ganglion cells: A) form the optic nerve. B) are the most numerous cells in the retina. C) leave the eyeball at the fovea. D) A & B.

33)_______ Filiform and fungiform refer to types of: A) photoreceptors. B) taste receptors.
C) papillae. D) mechnoreceptors. E) mystery casseroles in the cafeteria.

34) _______Ceruminous glands are found in the: A) external auditory canal. B) inner ear.
C) mouth. D) ciliary bodies. E) olfactory epithelium.

35) ______ Receptors in the saccule and utricle provide sensations of: A) hearing.
B) dynamic equilibrium. C) vibration. D) gravity and linear acceleration.

36) ______ Which nerve carries taste sensations to the brain? A) facial. B) glossopharyngeal.
C) hypoglossal. D) all of the above. E) A & B.

Matching

41 - 50 relate the diagram below: (Diagram of ear -- outer, middle and inner with details of cochlea).

41) _______ A) incus. B) stapes. C) Manny D) stapedius. E) malleus.

42) _______ A) incus. B) stapes. C) Moe D) stapedius. E) malleus.

43) _______ A) incus. B) stapes. C) Jack D) stapedius. E) malleus.

44) _______ A) round window. B) oval window. C) tectorial membrane. D) tympanic membrane.
E) basilar membrane.

45) _______ A) round window. B) oval window. C) tectorial membrane. D) tympanic membrane.
E) basilar membrane.

46) _______ A) round window. B) oval window. C) tectorial membrane. D) tympanic membrane.
E) basilar membrane.

47) ________ A) round window. B) oval window. C) tectorial membrane. D) tympanic membrane.
E) basilar membrane.

48) ________ A) inner ear. B) middle ear. C) outer ear. D) vestibule.

49) ________ A) inner ear. B) middle ear. C) outer ear. D) vestibule.

50) ________ A) High frequency vibrations sensed here. B) middle frequency vibrations sensed here.
C) low frequency vibrations sensed here. D) good vibrations sensed here.

Fill In: (1-2 pts each)
The three types of cones in the human retina are ___________________, __________________
and ______________________ sensitive.

Hair cells of the inner ear are depolarized by the entry of ____________________ from the endolymph.

The outer segment is the part of the ___________________ cell that is responsible for

_________________________________. When a photon is absorbed by rhodopsin, 11-cis-
retinal is converted to ____________________. The activated rhodopsin next activates
____________________, which then activates phosphodiesterase (PDE). Activated PDE
stimulates the conversion of __________________ to __________________. The removal of the
former opens/closes (circle one) sodium channels and depolarizes/hyperpolarizes (circle one) the photoreceptor.

Oxytocin is released by the _______________ ___________________ and its primary role is
__________________________________________, but it has recently been called the "love hormone"
because it is produced in response to ______________________________________.

The two key hormones involved in calcium metabolism are _______________________and _______________________________. When blood calcium levels are low,__________________________________ is released resulting in an increase of calcium in the blood because it "gets calcium" from up to three key sources. Name two: ___________________

____________________________________________________________________________.

Excessive androgens from the _______________ __________________ of an adult woman can produce “masculinization”effects such as _____________________________________________. If this happens during fetal development, how would the infant girl be affected? ____________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

Insulin stimulates or promotes glucose entry into/exit out of (circle 1) cells.

Insulin is produced by the _______________ of Langerhans. This gland also produces

the hormone _______________________ that produces the opposite effects.

Polyuria means “much or excessive ___________________” and is a symptom of diabetes mellitus

because _______________________________________________________________________.

Contrast type I and type II diabetes mellitus in terms of: (8 pts)

How and why was erythropoeitin ("EPO") abused? (4 pts)

The structural and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary is very important. Outline the features of this relationship (structures and hormones) by describing how the body maintains a level concentration of thyroxine (or T3 & T4) the blood. (10 pts)