Study Questions: Skeletal Tissue (Chapter 6)

How does bone differ from cartilage in classifications, structure, function, and vascularity.
How are bones classified?
What are the functions of bone? (4-5 general functions)
Hematopoiesis is a fancy name for ______ _____ ________.
What is a sesamoid bone? What are two sesamoid bones that almost everyone have?
Be able to sketch and/or label a diagram of a long bone or an osteon.
What is the difference between an osteocyte, an osteoblast and an osteoclast?
Outline the hormonal pathways that regulate calcium homeostasis.
What structures connect osteocytes to each other?
What structure connects adjacent central canals?
What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
What is hydroxyapatite?
What is osteoid?
Contrast endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification.
What types of bones typically form via endochondral ossification? via intramembranous ossification?
What is the difference between an epiphyseal plate and an epiphyseal line?
What is appositional growth?
Name three hormones that affect or influence bone growth. (Hint: not the hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis).
What is Wolff’s law?
What does Wolff's law have to do with orthodontia?
Why do astronauts loose bone density as a result of prolonged space flights?
What are the physiological causes of dwarfism (achondroplasia and pituitary dwarfism)?
What is acromegaly?
Who was "Andre the Giant"?
What is osteoporosis?
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
Why is osteoporosis more common in women than men?
Why do post-menopausal women often suffer from osteoporosis? What are the typical treatments (drug/hormone) for this disease? What are the drawbacks and benefits of using "HRT" to treat or prevent osteoporosis?
Why is using PTH to treat osteoporosis somewhat paradoxical?
Why is "modest dress" considered a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What are the phases of fracture repair?
Distinguish between these common types of fractures: simple, compound, comminuted, compression, depressed, impact, spiral, transverse, oblique, and greenstick.
Which is the most dangerous type of fracture? Why?

Skeletal System: (Chapter 7)
We covered most of this in lab --- here are some example questions…..
The zygomatic process, zygomatic arch, and mandibular fossa are structural features of the
___________________ portion of the __________________ bone.
The frontal bone is separated from the parietal bones by the __________________ suture.
The ____________________ __________________ is a superiorly projecting spine from the ethmoid bone that serves as an attachment for the meninges covering the brain.
Teeth are contained in sockets, or _____________________, within the _____________ bone forming the upper jaw.
The paired ______________________ and _____________________ bones form the hard palate of the roof of the mouth.
The _______________________ ________________________ are fragile, scroll-like bones that project medially into the nasal cavity.
The ______________________________ process of the mandible articulates with the
__________________________________ fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint.
The ____________________ bone consists of a body and paired lesser and greater cornua.
A herniated disc is the rupture of the _________________ ___________________
and the protrusion of the _________________________ _________________________.
The odontoid process is a peglike process characteristic of the __________________ vertebra.
Paired pedicles and laminae support the ______________________ arch of each vertebra.
The ________________________________ surface of the sacrum provides a site of articulation with the ilium of the os coxa.
True ribs attach to the sternum by individual ______________________ cartilages.
The vertebra prominens is the __________________ ________________________ of the
__________________ _________________________ vertebra.
The sternal angle is formed between the ___________________ and ______________
of the sternum.
The jugular notch is a misnomer because it serves as a better landmark for the
_____________________ _____________________ rather than the jugular veins.
Thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 have ___________________ on their _______________
but lack ______________________ on their ___________________ processes, unlike the first 10 thoracic vertebrae.
The two necks of the humerus are the ___________________ & __________________.
The acromion articulates with the ______________________ & the coracoid process
is primarily a site of ________________________ _____________________________.
The deltoid muscle attaches to the humerus at the ______________ ______________;
the biceps attaches to the _________________ at the _____________ ______________.
Interosseous membranes are found between the ________________ & ____________
and between the ______________________ & __________________________.
The ulna articulates with the ____________________ at the ______________________
whereas the radius articulates with the same bone at the ______________________.
Hitting your "funny bone" is due to the stimulation of the ________________ nerve
that runs behind the _______________ __________________ of the _____________.
The bones of the wrist are _____________________________ bones; the bones of
the palm are _______________________ bones.
The bones which have a body and at least one ramus are the: __________________,
____________________________, and ____________________________.
The Achilles tendon attaches to the ____________________________.
The linea aspera is on the ___________________ surface of the __________________.
The ______________________ and ______________________ vertebral curvatures are
primary curvatures because they are present _____________________________.
_____________________________ is an abnormally pronounced lumbar curve.
The thumb, like the big toe, lacks a(n) __________________ ____________________.
When sitting, one's weight is primarily on his/her ______________ _____________.
The wedding ring surrounds this bone (be specific):________ ____________ _______The female true pelvis is _____________________ er and _____________________er than the male true pelvis.
______________________ The tubercle of a rib articulates with this part of a vertebra.
______________________ Rib pairs #11 and #12, specifically.
______________________ A hole or perforation through a bone which allows nerves
and blood vessels to pass through.
______________________ Bone with greater and lesser wings.
______________________ "Independent" bone in throat area which is derived from
embryonic gill arch.
______________________ "Plow-shaped" bone which forms part of nasal septum.
______________________ The occipital condyles articulate with this bone.

Joints (Chapter 8)
What are the structural classifications of joints? What are the functional classifications of joints?
Why is an epiphyseal plate considered a joint?
In terms of structure a suture is a _____________ joint. In terms of function, a suture
is a __________ joint.
Sketch a generic synovial joint.
What are the subclasses of synovial joints?
What is meant by a nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial joint?
The carpophalangeal joints: what types of joints (general and specific) are they? What movements are allowed at the carpophalangeal joints?
What is the difference between:
eversion and inversion
supination and pronation
abduction and adduction
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Know the definitions of the movements allowed at synovial joints.
The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is the best example of a ___ joint in the human body.
What is meant by an "opposable" thumb?
What is a bursa and what is a tendon sheath? Where are they found?
What is a meniscus? What is its function?
What is an articular disc? In which major joint is one found?
Sketch and label a generic synovial joint.
Sketch and label the hip/shoulder/jaw/elbow/knee joint.
The anatomically correct way to say "Shut your mouth" is ........
Which joints are primarily hinge joints?
Which movements are generally allowed at hinge joints?
What helps to stabilize the shoulder joint? knee joint?
What are the three "Cs" of knee injuries?
What is the origin of the name "anterior cruciate?" (What does the name mean?)
What are the functions of the cruciate ligaments?
Why is the medial meniscus torn more frequently than the lateral meniscus?
What is a labrum? Which joints have a labrum?
Which structure does the hip joint have for which there is no analogous structure in the shoulder joint?
What is bursitis? tendonitis?
What is arthritis? What are the different types of arthritis and what are their possible causes?
What are the various treatment strategies for arthritis?
What is the evidence that infectious agents may cause some forms of arthritis?
What is a NSAID?
The anterior cruciate prevents ________________________________________________.
Which two joints have a labrum? ______________________ & ______________________.
_______________________ Shutting your mouth is, in anatomical terms, ___ your mandible.

Describe, using a labeled sketch, the knee joint (substitute jaw, shoulder, elbow, hip, ankle) in terms of articulating structures , the key associated structures, and the movements allowed at the joint.

Discuss, with a sketch if you wish, the shoulder joint. What articulates with what? What movements are allowed? What gives the shoulder joint stability? What gives this joint its wide range of motion?

Contrast the shoulder and hip joint (or knee and elbow or jaw) in terms of structure, movements allowed, and associated structures.

Who wrote and recorded "This Joint is Jumpin'"? (hint)