Exam 4 Study Questions

Muscle Physiology

What are the four primary functions of muscle tissue?
Why are muscles considered excitable?
What is the difference between extensibility and elasticity?
Why do skeletal muscles appear striated? Why are they considered "voluntary?"
Define: muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, and myofilament.
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is its function? What is a transverse tubule and what is its function?
Sketch and label a sarcomere.
What parts of the sarcomere change in width during muscle contraction and which don't change?
What are the connective tissue layers associated with muscle?
Z-lines are the boundaries of ____________.
Be able to outline the sequence of events at the neuromuscular junction.
Be able to outline the sequence of events in excitation-contraction coupling.
Be able to outline the sequence of events in the sliding filament theory.
What are the roles of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin in muscle contraction?
The head of myosin is also called the ___________ ___________. It functions as an enzyme called ______________ ______________.
What is the difference between an action potential and an endplate potential?
What is acetylcholine esterase? Inhibition of it would cause ________________.
What are the roles of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation?
What is rigor mortis?
What is the function of creatine phosphate?
What are the four primary sources of ATP production? How do they differ in the speed at which they provide ATP for muscle contraction?
What is oxygen debt? Contrast it with the national debt.
To what is the latent period of muscle contraction due?
Compare slow and the two types of fast-twitch muscles on the bases of color, myosin ATPase activity, resistance to fatigue, metabolic pathways primarily used (aerobic or anaerobic) blood supply, and myoglobin concentration.
What controls whether a muscle cell becomes fast or slow twitch?
To what extent can a person be a "born" or "made" sprinter? long distance runner?
What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?
Define: treppe, summation, incomplete tetanus, and complete tetanus.
What is the function of myoglobin?
How do heat and lactic acid influence muscle physiology?
What are the effects of endurance training on muscle physiology?
How do curare, cobra venom and "nerve gas", (e.g., Sarin) affect muscle contraction?
What is the relationship between "dystrophin" and Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
What is disuse atrophy? What is dysplasia? What is sarcopenia?
What is the basis of muscle hypertrophy? What muscle type can undergo hyperplasia?
Cardiac muscle is more like slow twitch fibers than fast twitch fibers. Explain.
What is calmodulin?

Muscles: Gross Anatomy

What are the main architectural types of muscles (fascicle arrangements)?
The deltoid muscle is an example of a(n) ____________ muscle (in terms of architecture). The orbicularis oris is a(n) ___________ muscle.
What is an aponeurosis? Name two aponeuroses.
Define: agonist (prime mover), synergist, antagonist.
What are the "action" classifications of muscles?
How are muscles named? Given a muscle name, e.g., biceps brachii, be able to identify the basis of its name (number of heads, location).
Name the muscle(s) which act(s) to: wrinkle the forehead skin, produce a smile,
pucker the lips for a kiss, close the mouth, open the mouth, elevate the eyebrow, draw an eyebrow toward the midline of the face, raise the lip as in a sneer or growl, wink the eye, tense the neck while shaving, stick out the tongue, retract and tongue.
Which muscles flex, extend, and rotate the neck?
Facial muscles are innervated by the ___________ nerve, whereas the muscles of mastication are innervated by the ______ nerve.
How do the pterygoid muscles differ in action from the masseter and temporalis?
The "capitis" group of muscles _________ the head, whereas the sternocleidomastoid __________ the head.
Name the abdominal muscles. Which are involved in compression of the abdomen? trunk rotation? flexion of the trunk?
What are “tendinous intersections?” In what muscle are they found?
What is the linea alba?
Contrast the pectoralis major and minor in terms of orgin, insertion and action.
Contrast the teres major and minor in terms of origin, insertion and action.
What are the rotator cuff muscles? What do they do? As a group they originate on the __________ and insert on the ___________ or _________ _______ of the _____________.
The primary abductor of the arm is the ___________.
The primary adductors of the arm are the __________, ________, & ______.
The primary flexors of the forearm are the _______ and _______.
The musculocutaneous nerve serves _______ muscles of the ___________.
The primary extensor of the forearm is the ____________.
What is the “boxer’s muscle?” What does it do?
The median nerve innervates primarily muscles which _______ the _______ & _____.
The medial epicondyle of the humerus is the origin for muscles which ____ the wrist and the lateral epicondyle is the origin for muscles which ____ the wrist.
The iliopsoas is the combination of the __________ and _________ ___________. It is the prime mover of _______ ______________.
List 3 muscles of the thigh adductor group. What are their origin and insertion.
What are the three major thigh flexors?
Major extensors of the thigh are the ______________ group and the _______ ______.
Name the three hamstring muscles. Which insert lateral to the knee, which insert medial to the knee? They are innervated by the ____ nerve.
Name the 4 quadriceps muscles. Their common insertion is the __________. They are innervated by the ____ nerve. Which quadriceps muscle crosses two joints?
The primary dorsiflexor is the __________ ________.
The primary plantar flexors are the ________ and __________.
What is the “triceps surae?” List the origin, insertion, action, and innervation.
The _________ is also known as the "tailor's" muscle. It is the ____________ muscle of the body. It acts to ___________ the ____________.
What is the function of the iliotibial tract of the thigh?
What is the general function of a retinaculum?
What is Bell’s Palsy? What is Moebius Syndrome? How is it treated?
What is a shinsplint? Which muscle is primarily affected? why?

Neural Tissue/Neurophysiology

What are the major divisions of the nervous system?
Define: afferent, efferent, motor, sensory, somatic, visceral, autonomic.
What are the four types of glial cells found in the CNS? What are their functions? Which glial type is not derived from neural tissue?
What are the two types of glial cells found in the PNS? What are their functions?
Why is a brain tumor more likely to be composed of glial cells rather than neurons?
Sketch and label a generic neuron.
What is the function and significance of the myelin sheath?
What is the function and significance of Nodes of Ranvier?
How are neurons classified on the basis of function and structure?
Most cells are "electrically polarized." What does this mean? What maintains this polarity?
Which ions are more concentrated outside a neuron than inside (and visa versa)?
Sketch and label the phases of an action potential.
Define the following terms: Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization.
What are the two kinds (classes) of gated channels found in neurons?
Describe the events which take place in an action potential.
What is the Hodgkin cycle? What starts it? What stops it?
What is a refractory period? What is the difference between an absolute refractory period and a relative refractory period?
How is an action potential propagated down an axon? Why is it called self-propagating?
What features of an axon affect the conduction velocity of an action potential?
What is meant by "saltatory conduction?"
What is a synapse? What are the two types of synapses? How do they differ in structure and function? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type?
What are the three major parts of a chemical synapse?
What is an EPSP? an IPSP? How does an EPSP differ from an action potential? What
What is pre-synaptic inhibition?
In what two ways do synaptic potentials summate?
Neurotransmitters are generally stored in _______________. Exocytosis is generally stimulated by the entry of __________ into the presynaptic terminal. Transmitters diffuse across the ___________ and bind to ______ on the _____________ membrane. This binding results in the opening of ____________ and either an __________ or an _________ is produced. After binding, the neurotransmitter is removed or degraded. ACh is inactivated by ____________; monoamines are inactivated by _________, _______, or ___________________.
What is meant by a "reuptake" mechanism?
Why are monoamines called the "feel good" transmitters?
Pain killing neurotransmitters include _________ and __________. These are classified as _____________ neurotransmitters.
The "exercise high" is believed to be due to _________________________________.
Serotonin is a/an ______________ and is associated with ____________.
Prozac is an antidepressant because it ______________. How does it differ from MAO-inhibitors (older antidepressants)? How is it similar to MDMA (Ecstasy)?
Cocaine is a stimulant because it _________.
Ephedrine, a common ingredient in cold medicines is structurally similar to methamphetamine. What accounts for their different actions?
Why is MSG considered a "drug for the tongue"?
Nerve gases and insecticides are generally inhibit __________________.
What is Parkinson's disease? What is the drug which is used to treat it and why does it work for a while but loses its ability to treat the disease. What new technique has shown promise in treating the disease?
What is "Lou Gehrig's Disease?" What are two possible causes of the disease?
What is "Woody Guthrie's Disease?"
Compare myasthenia gravis with multiple sclerosis.