Exam 4 Study Questions

Muscle Physiology:

Compare slow and the two types of fast-twitch muscles on the bases of color, myosin ATPase activity, resistance to fatigue, metabolic pathways primarily used (aerobic or anaerobic) blood supply, and myoglobin concentration.
What techniques are used to determine if a muscle cell is type I, type IIa or type IIb?
What controls whether a muscle cell becomes fast or slow twitch?
To what extent can a person be a "born" or "made" sprinter? long distance runner?
What is the function of myoglobin?
What are the effects of endurance training on muscle physiology?
What is the basis of muscle hypertrophy? What muscle type can undergo hyperplasia?
What is disuse atrophy? What is dysplasia? What is sarcopenia?
Cardiac muscle is more like slow twitch fibers than fast twitch fibers. Explain.
What is calmodulin?
Compare skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle (see Table 9.3).
What is the difference between single-unit smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle? Which type is similar to skletal muscle and which is similar to cardiac muscle?
What is the relationship between "dystrophin" and Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Where is dystrophin located?
What is myasthenia gravis? Contrast it with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
What are the causes of botulism and tetanus (lockjaw)?

Muscles: Gross Anatomy
What are the main architectural types of muscles (fascicle arrangements)?
The deltoid muscle is an example of a(n) ____________ muscle (in terms of architecture). The orbicularis oris is a(n) ___________ muscle.
What is an aponeurosis? Name two aponeuroses.
Define: agonist (prime mover), synergist, antagonist.
What are the "action" classifications of muscles?
How are muscles named? Given a muscle name, e.g., biceps brachii, be able to identify the basis of its name (number of heads, location).
What are the three types of lever systems?
Which systems sacrifice speed for strength? Which sacrifice strength for speed?
Flexing and extending the head is an example of a ____ class lever system.
Standing on one's toes (plantarflexion) is an example of a ___ class lever system.
Flexion of forearm is an example of a ___ class lever system.
Extension of the forearm is an example of a __ class lever system.
Animals that burrow (gophers, moles) have biceps and triceps insertion sites that are more distal (further away from elbow joint) than other animals. Explain how this aids them.
Name the muscle(s) which act(s) to: wrinkle the forehead skin, produce a smile,
pucker the lips for a kiss, close the mouth, open the mouth, elevate the eyebrow, draw an eyebrow toward the midline of the face, raise the lip as in a sneer or growl, wink the eye, tense the neck while shaving, stick out the tongue, retract and tongue.
Which muscles flex, extend, and rotate the neck?
Facial muscles are innervated by the ___________ nerve, whereas the muscles of mastication are innervated by the ______ nerve.
How do the pterygoid muscles differ in action from the masseter and temporalis?
The "capitis" group of muscles _________ the head, whereas the sternocleidomastoid __________ the head.
Name the abdominal muscles. Which are involved in compression of the abdomen? trunk rotation? flexion of the trunk?
What are “tendinous intersections?” In what muscle are they found?
Contrast the "six pack" of a body builder with the "keg" of a couch potato.
What is the linea alba? Who is Jessica Alba?
Contrast the pectoralis major and minor in terms of orgin, insertion and action.
Contrast the teres major and minor in terms of origin, insertion and action.
What are the rotator cuff muscles? What do they do? As a group they originate on the __________ and insert on the ___________ or _________ _______ of the _____________.
The primary abductor of the arm is the ___________. (The prime mover of arm abduction is -----).
The primary adductors of the arm are the __________, ________, & ______.
The primary flexors of the forearm are the _______ and _______.
The musculocutaneous nerve serves _______ muscles of the ___________.
The primary extensor of the forearm is the ____________.
What is the “boxer’s muscle?” What does it do?
The median nerve innervates primarily muscles which _______ the _______ & _____.
The medial epicondyle of the humerus is the origin for muscles which ____ the wrist and the lateral epicondyle is the origin for muscles which ____ the wrist.
The iliopsoas is the combination of the __________ and _________ ___________. It is the prime mover of _______ ______________.
List 3 muscles of the thigh adductor group. What are their origin and insertion.
What are the three major thigh flexors?
Major extensors of the thigh are the ______________ group and the _______ ______.
Name the three hamstring muscles. Which insert lateral to the knee, which insert medial to the knee? They are innervated by the ____ nerve.
Name the 4 quadriceps muscles. Their common insertion is the __________. They are innervated by the ____ nerve. Which quadriceps muscle crosses two joints?
The primary dorsiflexor is the __________ ________.
The primary plantar flexors are the ________ and __________.
What is the “triceps surae?” List the origin, insertion, action, and innervation.
The _________ is also known as the "tailor's" muscle. It is the ____________ muscle of the body. It acts to ___________ the ____________.
What is the function of the iliotibial tract of the thigh?
What is the general function of a retinaculum?
What is Bell’s Palsy? What is Moebius Syndrome? How is it treated?
What is a shinsplint? Which muscle is primarily affected? why?

Be able to sketch major muscles on the diagrams I provided!